The year closed with the satellite industry publishing its own report card. On December 31 SpaceX released its third annual Starlink Progress Report, a 75-page account of a breakout year: a completed first-generation direct-to-cell constellation of more than 650 satellites, service in 22 countries across 6 continents, more than 6 million customers, and 27 mobile operator partnerships worldwide. Days earlier, coverage of the FCC's year-end space policy review detailed the mechanics behind the agency's move to higher direct-to-cell power levels, including revisions to the legacy power flux density limits written for a different satellite era. With the FCC's Upper C-band auction rulemaking heading toward a January 5 comment deadline, the quiet holiday week was really a starting line for 2026.
Year-end week delivered a victory lap, a rocket launch, and a regulator's scorecard. T-Mobile published its Un-carrier Unwrapped retrospective on December 22, claiming America's best network title, its strongest quarter in over a decade, and 90 million T-Life installs under new CEO Srini Gopalan. On December 23, AST SpaceMobile launched BlueBird 6 from India, a roughly 2,400 square foot phased array three times larger than its first-generation satellites and the largest commercial communications array ever sent to low Earth orbit. The same day, FCC Chairman Brendan Carr published a list of 75 wins delivered in 2025, confirming among them new frameworks allowing satellite operators to run direct-to-cell services at higher power levels.
The satellite layer of the US network got its commercial charter this week. On December 16 the FCC granted SpaceX and T-Mobile a landmark supplemental coverage from space license, moving direct-to-cell service from experimental authority to a fully commercial framework. The same day, Verizon and Array Digital Infrastructure announced a multi-year partnership giving Verizon streamlined access to Array's portfolio of more than 4,400 towers to accelerate its 5G buildout. And on December 18 the FCC held its final open meeting of the year, adopting a Third Report and Order that tightens VoIP providers' access to phone numbers in its campaign against robocalls, and deleting around 35 obsolete rules from the books.
A quieter week on the surface, but the signals underneath were about where enterprise connectivity money is flowing. Ericsson told RCR Wireless on December 9 that it now counts private 5G deployments across hundreds of enterprise customers, with roughly 95 percent using capabilities only 5G can deliver, a pointed contrast with rivals retreating from the segment. On December 10, Fierce Network announced the winners of its 2025 Innovation Awards, a useful map of where the industry thinks the next competitive edges sit. And on December 11 the FCC released the tentative agenda for its December 18 open meeting, headlined by a Third Report and Order tightening the rules that give VoIP providers direct access to phone numbers, the agency's latest move against robocall infrastructure.
December opened with a switching war and a spectrum blockbuster. T-Mobile rolled out its AI-powered Easy Switch tool on December 1, letting AT&T and Verizon customers log into their carrier accounts through T-Life and see exactly what switching would save them, and by December 4 AT&T had sued, accusing T-Mobile of illegally scraping its servers. On December 4 the GSMA published its eSIM Compliance Report 2025, the industry's most complete snapshot of certified eUICC products, devices, and platforms across consumer and IoT. And on December 5, the FCC's Wireless and Space Bureaus accepted SpaceX's application for filing to operate a new satellite system delivering supplemental coverage from space over EchoStar's AWS-4 and H Block spectrum, formally starting the clock on one of the biggest spectrum transfers in US history.
Thanksgiving week slowed the news cycle but not the paperwork or the price wars. On November 24, Juniper Research forecast that global eSIM connections will grow 300 percent over the next five years, with China's newly opened market described as an immediate opportunity. On November 25, the FCC's bureaus accepted for filing the applications underpinning EchoStar's twin spectrum sales, moving both the SpaceX and AT&T transactions into their formal comment cycles on a coordinated schedule. And through Black Friday week the value segment put on its loudest show of the year, led by Mint Mobile cutting its unlimited plans to 15 dollars a month, half its standard rate.
The busiest week of the month packed a switching offensive, a historic layoff, and the starting gun for the next big spectrum auction into three days. On November 19, T-Mobile unveiled Switching Made Easy at the Las Vegas Grand Prix, a 15-minute switching experience built around its AI-powered Easy Switch tool aimed squarely at AT&T and Verizon customers. On November 20, Verizon confirmed the rumors, with CEO Dan Schulman telling employees the company would cut more than 13,000 jobs, about 13 percent of its workforce. And at its November 20 open meeting the FCC adopted a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to make as much as 180 megahertz of Upper C-band spectrum available for commercial wireless, feeding a congressionally mandated auction due by July 2027.
A week when two of the industry's biggest structures started to move. On November 13, Reuters reported that Verizon's new CEO Dan Schulman was preparing to cut roughly 15,000 jobs, the largest layoff in the company's history, as part of a restructuring aimed at reversing subscriber losses. The same day, Amazon retired the Project Kuiper name and rebranded its satellite constellation as Amazon Leo, unveiling a lineup of customer terminals as it shifts from launch project to commercial service. And on November 15, EchoStar completed its retreat from network ownership, shutting down its own 5G network and moving all Boost Mobile traffic onto AT&T under a hybrid arrangement, ending the four-network era in US wireless.
The first week of November was a regulator's week with a satellite twist. On November 3 the FCC released its Second Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on broadband consumer labels, proposing to strip back parts of the labeling regime it finished building only a year earlier and opening a comment window through early December. On November 6 the Commission released its 2025 order on incarcerated people's communications services, revising rate caps and compliance deadlines under the Martha Wright-Reed Act. And on November 7, Vodafone and AST SpaceMobile announced plans for a new European satellite constellation for direct-to-device service, selecting Germany as the site of a sovereign European satellite operations centre for their SatCo joint venture.
The month closed with the two remaining scorecards and a regulator squeezing in its meeting despite the shutdown. On October 28 the FCC held its Space Month open meeting, voting on items to streamline satellite and earth station rules and adopting a further notice proposing to pare back broadband consumer label requirements. On October 29 Verizon reported third quarter earnings in Dan Schulman's first appearance as CEO, where he reiterated guidance and promised a candid reset focused on returning the carrier to customer growth. And on October 31 Charter reported 493,000 new Spectrum Mobile lines, bringing cable's quiet wireless machine to 11.4 million lines at Charter alone.
Earnings week drew the scoreboard for the third quarter, and the gap between the big three kept widening. T-Mobile reported record customer growth on October 23, with more than a million postpaid phone net additions and raised guidance across the board. AT&T posted a solid 405,000 postpaid phone adds a day earlier, growing steadily on the strength of its fiber and wireless bundle. And over the weekend into Monday, SpaceX passed 10,000 Starlink satellites launched, a scale milestone no other constellation operator is close to matching as it pushes deeper into consumer connectivity and direct-to-cell.
A week about the plumbing of the industry rather than its headlines. Juniper Research published new figures showing travel eSIM revenue reaching 1.8 billion dollars in 2025, up 85 percent in a single year, confirming how quickly downloadable SIMs are eating international roaming. On October 14 Ericsson reported third quarter results, with sales down but margins holding as the vendor leaned on major contracts in India, Japan, and the UK. And on October 15 Samsung announced a multi-country deal to deploy virtualized, O-RAN compliant network equipment for Vodafone across Europe, starting in Germany and covering thousands of sites over five years.
The week Verizon hit reset. On October 6 the company abruptly named former PayPal chief Dan Schulman as CEO, replacing Hans Vestberg effective immediately, a board-driven change aimed at reversing subscriber losses at the largest US carrier by revenue. Two days later, AST SpaceMobile announced a definitive commercial agreement with Verizon to deliver space-based cellular service to Verizon customers starting in 2026, using Verizon's 850 MHz spectrum. All of it played out against a federal government shutdown that began October 1 and closed most of the FCC, furloughing the bulk of its staff and freezing filings, databases, and routine approvals across the industry.
The month closed with a regulator racing the clock. On September 30, hours before federal funding lapsed, the FCC held its September open meeting, adopting a Notice of Inquiry on accelerating wireline infrastructure buildout and continuing its rule-deletion campaign. The same day the Commission formally accepted the SpaceX and EchoStar spectrum assignment applications for filing, starting the public comment clock on the 17 billion dollar transfer. And on October 1, as the government shut down, T-Mobile launched satellite data on T-Satellite, bringing app connectivity from space to dozens of phone models and moving direct-to-cell beyond messaging for the mass market.
Succession and space dominated the week. On September 22 T-Mobile announced that Chief Operating Officer Srini Gopalan will become CEO on November 1, with Mike Sievert moving up to vice chairman after leading the carrier through its Sprint-era transformation into the industry's growth engine. Midweek, SpaceX asked the FCC for authority to launch up to 15,000 additional satellites dedicated to direct-to-cell service using the 2 GHz spectrum it is acquiring from EchoStar. And the commentary wave that followed Apple's eSIM-only iPhone Air crystallized into open industry debate about how quickly the physical SIM should disappear worldwide.
Launch week. Apple released iOS 26 on September 15, bringing its redesigned software to existing iPhones days before new hardware arrived. On September 18 Verizon published its latest network quality claims, citing 35 consecutive J.D. Power awards as it defended its best-network positioning amid subscriber losses and mounting pressure on its premium story. And on September 19 the iPhone 17 lineup and iPhone Air reached stores in more than 60 countries, converting the week's record preorders into the industry's biggest annual switching event.
One of the most consequential weeks of the year. On September 8 EchoStar agreed to sell its AWS-4 and H-block spectrum licenses to SpaceX for about 17 billion dollars in cash and stock, a deal that includes a commercial agreement putting Starlink direct-to-cell service in front of Boost Mobile subscribers and effectively ends EchoStar's ambitions as a facilities-based carrier. The next day Apple unveiled the iPhone 17 lineup and the ultra-thin iPhone Air, the first iPhone sold eSIM-only in every market worldwide. By the weekend, preorders for the new lineup were breaking records, led by extraordinary demand in China.
A short holiday week with long-term consequences. On September 2 a federal judge issued the remedies ruling in the Google search antitrust case, stopping short of a breakup and, crucially for the mobile industry, allowing Google to keep paying device makers and carriers for search placement. On September 3 the FCC's competitive bidding rules for the AWS-3 auction took effect, clearing the path for the first US spectrum auction in four years. And T-Mobile spent the week showcasing early satellite data access on Google's new Pixel 10, giving off-grid users app connectivity through Starlink ahead of a broader launch in October.
The week EchoStar chose retreat. On August 26 AT&T agreed to acquire roughly 50 MHz of nationwide spectrum from EchoStar, about 30 MHz at 3.45 GHz and 20 MHz at 600 MHz, for approximately 23 billion dollars in cash, sending EchoStar shares up 70 percent and beginning the dismantling of the fourth national network. As part of the arrangement EchoStar announced a hybrid mobile network operator agreement making AT&T the primary network partner for Boost Mobile, and framed the transactions as steps toward resolving the FCC inquiries that had put its licenses at risk. Meanwhile the FCC's satellite broadband spectrum-sharing proceeding closed its reply comment window on August 27, advancing the rules rewrite that will govern how constellations share the sky.
Google set the agenda this week. At its August 20 Made by Google event the company unveiled the Pixel 10 lineup, leaning heavily on Gemini AI features and satellite capabilities to differentiate its hardware. T-Mobile moved the same day, landing the Pixel 10 with early access to satellite-ready Google apps on T-Satellite, the first pairing of its Starlink-powered service with launch-day hardware marketing. And on August 21 the FCC formally wound down the C-band Relocation Payment Clearinghouse, quietly closing the books on the largest and most complex spectrum transition in US history.
A week of endings and arguments. AOL announced it will shut down its dial-up internet service on September 30 after more than three decades, closing the era that introduced America to the online world. On August 12 NTIA released two MITRE-commissioned reports arguing that smarter receivers, not just more spectrum, are key to squeezing more capacity out of crowded airwaves. And AST SpaceMobile's S-band spectrum acquisition drew analyst fire, with one prominent assessment calling the ITU priority rights largely worthless and igniting a debate over what orbital spectrum positions are really worth.
Space, supply chains, and steady growth defined the week. On August 5 AST SpaceMobile agreed to acquire global S-band spectrum priority rights held under the International Telecommunication Union, deepening its direct-to-device arsenal. On August 6 Apple announced an additional 100 billion dollars in US manufacturing investment, bringing its domestic commitment to 600 billion over four years as tariff pressure reshapes device supply chains. And on August 7 Deutsche Telekom raised its full-year guidance again on the strength of T-Mobile US, underscoring how thoroughly the American market drives the German group's results.
An era ended on a Friday. On August 1 T-Mobile completed its 4.4 billion dollar acquisition of UScellular's wireless operations and select spectrum, absorbing the last major regional carrier's customers and stores while UScellular lives on as a tower and spectrum company. The close came one week after the FCC's July 24 open meeting, where commissioners unanimously adopted a rulemaking to accelerate the retirement of copper networks, formally starting the countdown on the century-old phone plant. And AT&T's Internet Air fixed wireless service posted another 200,000-plus customer quarter, evidence that even the carrier most committed to fiber keeps finding demand for wireless broadband it once dismissed.
Satellite-to-phone service stopped being a beta this week. On July 23 T-Mobile commercially launched T-Satellite, its Starlink-powered direct-to-cell service, making the US the first major market with broadly available satellite messaging built into a carrier plan, and opened it to rival carriers' customers for ten dollars a month. One day later, Starlink suffered a rare global outage lasting more than two hours, a jarring reminder that the space layer has single points of failure. The same week delivered second quarter earnings from all three national carriers, with T-Mobile posting its best-ever Q2 postpaid growth, Verizon raising full-year guidance, and AT&T beating on wireless while fiber softness drew scrutiny.
Consolidation went orbital this week. On July 17 SES completed its 3.1 billion dollar acquisition of Intelsat, uniting two of the oldest names in satellite communications into a multi-orbit operator with roughly 120 satellites. On July 14 the Government Accountability Office renewed public pressure on NTIA over unimplemented spectrum management recommendations, warning that federal coordination gaps are slowing the pipeline that feeds commercial wireless. And Ericsson's second quarter results on July 15 showed enterprise 5G momentum steadying the vendor while traditional network sales stayed soft, a snapshot of an equipment market waiting for its next buildout cycle.
The last regulatory dominoes fell this week. On July 10 the Department of Justice closed its investigation into T-Mobile's 4.4 billion dollar acquisition of UScellular without seeking to block it, while voicing unusual public concern about wireless consolidation, and the FCC approved the license transfers a day later, clearing the deal to close August 1. Samsung used its July 9 Unpacked event in Brooklyn to launch the Galaxy Z Fold 7, Z Flip 7, and a cheaper Flip 7 FE, betting that thinner hardware finally takes foldables mainstream. Together the two stories captured the summer's theme: the big get bigger, and the device makers keep searching for the next reason to upgrade.
The quarter closed with two cliffhangers resolving in the same week. On June 30 EchoStar made more than 500 million dollars in overdue interest payments, stepping back from the bankruptcy ledge as its political pressure campaign visibly bore fruit and settlement talks with the FCC gained traction. Then on July 3 Congress sent the One Big Beautiful Bill to the President, restoring the FCC's spectrum auction authority after a 28-month lapse and mandating an 800 megahertz pipeline, the largest legislated spectrum commitment in American history, signed into law July 4. AT&T added a consumer protection note to the week, rolling out its Wireless Account Lock feature on July 1 to combat the SIM-swapping attacks that have plagued the industry.
The satellite race hit two milestones on the same Monday. On June 23 T-Mobile announced that T-Satellite, its Starlink-powered direct-to-cell service, would exit beta and launch commercially on July 23, with data service for apps to follow in October, putting a date on the industry's most anticipated product. Hours earlier, a ULA Atlas V lifted the second batch of 27 Amazon Project Kuiper satellites into orbit, doubling the constellation as Amazon chases its FCC deployment deadline. And by Friday, EchoStar confirmed the pressure campaign was producing movement, with President Trump publicly urging an amicable resolution between the company and the FCC as grace periods on half a billion dollars in skipped interest neared expiration.
The MVNO model got its most famous customer yet this week. On June 16 the Trump Organization unveiled Trump Mobile, a branded wireless service riding the big three networks as an MVNO, complete with a 47.45 dollar monthly plan and a promised gold-colored phone, instantly making brand-driven wireless a national conversation. The same day, Charlie Ergen finally got his meeting with FCC Chairman Brendan Carr, where EchoStar reiterated that undermining its licenses would be illegal and pressed for a resolution to the review that has frozen its finances. And on Capitol Hill, the Senate Commerce Committee rallied support for an 800 megahertz spectrum pipeline in the budget reconciliation bill, setting up July's restoration of FCC auction authority.
Apple redrew its interface and EchoStar escalated to the Oval Office this week. At WWDC on June 9, Apple unveiled iOS 26 with its Liquid Glass design language, the deepest visual overhaul of the iPhone in over a decade, alongside expanded Apple Intelligence features and eSIM-forward platform changes. Two days later, EchoStar chairman Charlie Ergen took his FCC standoff to the top, meeting President Trump on June 12, with FCC Chairman Brendan Carr joining by phone, as the company sought relief from the spectrum review that has frozen its finances. Around the meeting, a broad coalition of industry stakeholders warned the FCC that unwinding EchoStar's licenses would chill investment across the entire spectrum market.
June opened with EchoStar deepening its game of financial chicken, skipping roughly 183 million dollars in interest payments on its DISH DBS notes on June 2 and blaming the FCC's review of its spectrum licenses for freezing its ability to make decisions. T-Mobile, meanwhile, formally became a fiber company, launching T-Mobile Fiber home internet nationwide on June 5 with a five-year price guarantee, the consumer-facing debut of its Lumos and Metronet joint ventures. And the month's regulatory docket filled in around them, with spectrum sharing studies, satellite items, and the EchoStar proceeding dominating the FCC's June calendar.
EchoStar pulled the pin. On May 30 the company elected not to make a 326 million dollar interest payment on its spectrum-secured notes, explicitly blaming the uncertainty created by the FCC's review of its licenses and starting a 30-day grace period clock toward potential default, the opening move in the brinkmanship that would consume the summer. The skipped payment sent a chill through the wireless construction ecosystem, where contractors building EchoStar's 5G network read it as a signal to expect stopped work. Across the Atlantic, the week closed with genuine structural news: Vodafone and Three completed their merger on May 31, creating Britain's largest mobile operator and offering a preview of what regulators accept when markets consolidate from four carriers to three.
AT&T answered Verizon's fiber move in less than a week. On May 21 AT&T agreed to acquire Lumen's Mass Markets fiber business for 5.75 billion dollars, picking up roughly a million fiber customers and four million passings across eleven states, and confirming that the fiber land grab is now a two-horse race among the biggest carriers. Google used its I/O conference on May 20 to rebuild search and Android around its Gemini AI models, a platform shift with long consequences for how mobile traffic flows. And on May 23 President Trump threatened Apple with a 25 percent tariff on iPhones not manufactured in America, yanking the device supply chain into the trade war and rattling the economics of every carrier's upgrade cycle.
Consolidation Friday. On May 16 the FCC approved Verizon's 20 billion dollar acquisition of Frontier Communications, clearing the largest fiber deal in years after Verizon agreed to end its diversity, equity, and inclusion programs, an unprecedented condition that signaled how this FCC will price its approvals. The same day, Charter and Cox announced a 34.5 billion dollar merger to create the country's largest cable operator by footprint, a defensive consolidation aimed squarely at the broadband share being taken by fiber and fixed wireless. And EchoStar formally answered the FCC's review letters, disclosing in securities filings that the inquiry was creating uncertainty around its obligations, the first tremor of the payment standoff to come.
The week the EchoStar saga truly began. On May 9, FCC Chairman Brendan Carr sent letters to EchoStar opening reviews of both its 5G buildout compliance and its mobile satellite spectrum rights in the 2 GHz band, following months of SpaceX filings arguing the spectrum sits underused. The letters landed on the same day EchoStar reported first-quarter results showing widening losses and continuing subscriber declines at Boost Mobile, a collision of regulatory and financial pressure that would define the company's entire year. The week opened with a quieter milestone: Microsoft retired Skype on May 5 after 23 years, closing the chapter on the service that first taught the world to route calls over the internet.
Amazon finally left the launchpad. On April 28 a ULA Atlas V carried the first 27 operational Project Kuiper satellites to orbit, the opening deployment of Amazon's 3,236-satellite answer to Starlink and the true start of the LEO broadband duopoly race, six years after the project was announced. The same day, the FCC's open meeting delivered a satellite-friendly rulemaking package, proposing to modernize licensing and squeeze more intensive use from spectrum allocated to space services. And EchoStar closed the week deepening its distress narrative, with filings and reports making clear the company viewed the FCC's gathering scrutiny as a threat to its ability to meet obligations, days before Chairman Carr's letters made the review official.
Earnings week drew the industry's new battle lines in ink. Verizon opened April 22 with record first-quarter EBITDA but a stinging loss of 289,000 postpaid phone subscribers, the price of its pricing discipline in a promotion-soaked market. T-Mobile closed the week reporting its best first quarter ever for postpaid additions, then spent its earnings call unveiling new Experience plans with a five-year price guarantee, weaponizing price certainty against rivals raising rates. In between, AT&T delivered steady wireless and fiber growth and became the first carrier to quantify tariff exposure in its guidance, telling investors it could absorb expected device cost increases without changing its outlook.
The tariff other shoe dropped, and SpaceX turned up the spectrum pressure. On April 14 the administration launched a Section 232 national security investigation into semiconductor and electronics imports, confirming that last week's smartphone exemption was a bridge to sector-specific tariffs rather than a reprieve. SpaceX chose the same day to escalate at the FCC, filing new data it said proved EchoStar barely uses its AWS-4 spectrum and renewing its demand for a sharing proceeding in the 2 GHz band. And the FCC teed up its April 28 open meeting with an agenda heavy on satellite modernization, previewing rules to streamline licensing and expand spectrum flexibility for the booming space economy.
Tariff week hit the phone in your pocket. The week opened with lines at Apple Stores as customers rushed to buy iPhones ahead of feared price hikes from the new reciprocal tariffs on Chinese imports, a rare moment of consumer panic buying in the device market. It closed with whiplash: late on April 11 the administration exempted smartphones, laptops, and chips from the steepest reciprocal tariffs, sparing the device supply chain, at least temporarily, from levies that could have added hundreds of dollars to flagship phones. In the background, EchoStar and SpaceX escalated their fight over the 2 GHz band at the FCC, with EchoStar blasting SpaceX's spectrum-sharing push as an anticompetitive attempt to crush its hybrid network before it matures.
T-Mobile became a fiber company, Verizon bet on certainty, and then the world's trade order changed. On April 1 T-Mobile and EQT closed their joint venture acquiring Lumos, giving the wireless growth leader its first owned fiber footprint and a template for capital-light broadband expansion. On April 3 Verizon answered the industry's churn wars with a three-year price lock and free phone guarantee across its plans, betting that certainty is the retention product customers actually want. Between them, on April 2, the administration's Liberation Day announcement imposed a 10 percent baseline tariff on virtually all imports with far higher reciprocal rates on China and dozens of other countries, upending the cost math for every device, router, and network component the industry moves.
Fiber's biggest rumor and Washington's strangest security story shared a week. Reports on March 25 revealed AT&T in talks to acquire Lumen's consumer fiber business for around 5.5 billion dollars, previewing the deal that would land officially in May and confirming that the fiber consolidation race had a second bidder. The capital's attention, though, belonged to Signal: The Atlantic's editor-in-chief revealed he had been accidentally added to a group chat where senior officials discussed military strike plans, a breach that made consumer messaging apps a national security story and put encrypted communications policy under a spotlight. In the states, Utah became the first to require app stores to verify user ages, opening a new regulatory front for the mobile ecosystem.
The FCC's math changed on March 18. Democratic Commissioner Geoffrey Starks announced he would resign in the spring, a departure that would hand Chairman Carr a working Republican majority months before a new commissioner could be confirmed, easing the path for everything from deregulation to merger conditions. The same day produced the year's biggest security deal, with Google agreeing to acquire cloud security firm Wiz for 32 billion dollars, the largest acquisition in Google's history and a signal of how seriously the cloud giants are arming up as infrastructure attacks like Salt Typhoon reshape enterprise demand. The week also delivered MWC's considered verdict, as analyst retrospectives separated Barcelona's durable signals, satellite, AI-RAN economics, open networks, from its considerable noise.
Deregulation got a battle cry. On March 12 FCC Chairman Brendan Carr opened a docket bluntly titled Delete, Delete, Delete, inviting the public to nominate any Commission rule for elimination and signaling the most aggressive deregulatory push in the agency's modern history. The market week belonged to Verizon's candor: at a March 11 investor conference the carrier warned that first-quarter subscriber growth would be soft amid a brutal promotional environment, knocking its shares down more than 7 percent and dragging the whole telecom sector with them. And Crown Castle completed its retreat to a pure tower company, agreeing March 13 to sell its fiber and small cells businesses to Zayo and EQT for a combined 8.5 billion dollars.
Barcelona set the industry's agenda, and the agenda was AI. Mobile World Congress 2025 drew more than 109,000 attendees to a show dominated by one question: how operators turn artificial intelligence from a cost line into a revenue line, with AI-powered networks, agentic devices, and telco AI alliances crowding every keynote. Beneath the AI noise, the show's quieter throughlines mattered more for the balance sheet: direct-to-device satellite moved from demo to product across multiple booths, and network API monetization inched toward commercial reality. Back home, Washington's wireless docket kept churning through spectrum, robocall, and undersea cable proceedings, a reminder that while Barcelona talks about the future, the FCC allocates it.
The satellite race answered back, and the spectrum pipeline formally opened. Verizon completed its first satellite-to-cellular video call using AST SpaceMobile's BlueBird satellites on February 24, a direct riposte to T-Mobile's Starlink Super Bowl moment and proof the AST camp can do more than text. At its February 27 meeting the FCC adopted the upper C-band Notice of Inquiry and AWS-3 auction procedures, converting agenda promises into live proceedings and starting the clock on the next mid-band supply wave. And EchoStar closed the books on a difficult 2024, reporting Boost Mobile subscriber progress amid shrinking revenue and the debt overhang that would define its dramatic year ahead.
Apple finally built its own modem, and the industry's most feared hackers turned out to still be inside the walls. The iPhone 16e, announced February 19 at 599 dollars, carries the C1, Apple's first in-house cellular modem after seven years and billions of dollars of effort, beginning the end of its dependence on Qualcomm and giving the company control of the silicon that connects a billion devices to carrier networks. The security news was darker: threat researchers confirmed that Salt Typhoon, the Chinese state group that penetrated US carriers last year, remained active into 2025, compromising additional telecom networks through unpatched Cisco routers and stolen credentials, months after the intrusions were first exposed.
T-Mobile used the year's biggest stage to make satellite texting a mass-market product. In a Super Bowl commercial on February 9, the carrier announced its Starlink-powered direct-to-device beta was open to everyone, including Verizon and AT&T customers, free until July, an audacious play that turned a network feature into a customer acquisition funnel running inside rival subscriber bases. Within a day, both rivals rushed out their own satellite messaging talking points. In Espoo, Nokia reached outside telecom entirely for its next chief executive, naming Intel data center and AI chief Justin Hotard to replace Pekka Lundmark, the clearest statement yet that the vendor sees its future in AI infrastructure rather than radio access alone.
The spectrum machine restarted and the AI checkbook opened wider. The FCC circulated its February meeting agenda, teeing up the AWS-3 re-auction and an inquiry into the upper C-band, the first concrete moves toward putting new mid-band spectrum into carrier hands since auction authority lapsed in 2023. Analysts immediately began handicapping the bidder field for what could be the decade's most consequential spectrum sales. Meanwhile earnings season revealed the scale of the AI infrastructure arms race: the tech megacaps collectively guided to more than 320 billion dollars of 2025 capital spending, a number that dwarfs the entire US wireless industry's annual investment and is already reshaping demand for fiber, power, and connectivity.
A Chinese AI lab wiped a trillion dollars off the market's whiteboard, and earnings season crowned the same winner as always. DeepSeek's R1 model, built for a fraction of Silicon Valley's budgets, triggered a January 27 selloff that erased nearly 600 billion dollars from Nvidia alone as investors questioned whether the AI infrastructure boom was overbuilt, days after Stargate had bet half a trillion dollars that it was not. Telecom earnings told a steadier story: T-Mobile closed 2024 with its best customer growth ever, 903,000 postpaid phone adds in the fourth quarter and industry-leading service revenue growth, while AT&T's results showed fiber and 5G convergence compounding, closing a quarter in which the Big Three's playbooks, and their gaps, were fully on display.
Power changed hands, and telecom's referee changed with it. President Trump was inaugurated January 20 and designated Brendan Carr chairman of the FCC the same day, installing a chairman with a published agenda: aggressive spectrum revival, satellite acceleration, deregulation, and a combative posture toward Big Tech. Among the first executive orders was a 75-day enforcement pause that brought TikTok flickering back to life, deferring rather than resolving the divest-or-ban standoff. The new administration's industrial ambitions arrived a day later at the White House, where OpenAI, Oracle, and SoftBank announced Stargate, a plan to spend up to 500 billion dollars on US AI data centers, a number that would reshape demand for power, fiber, and land before a single model trains.
The outgoing administration spent its final full week hardening the digital walls, and the courts turned off an app used by 170 million Americans. The FCC, in Chairwoman Rosenworcel's closing days, voted to declare that federal wiretap law obligates carriers to secure their networks, the agency's most direct regulatory answer yet to the Salt Typhoon intrusions, over Republican objections that guaranteed the ruling a short life. The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the TikTok divest-or-ban law on January 17, and by the night of January 18 the app had gone dark for US users, the most consequential government action against a communications platform in the internet era, with service providers and app stores suddenly on the legal front line.
The year opened with a spectrum coup, a customer promise, and the annual Las Vegas hardware pilgrimage. AST SpaceMobile started 2025 by securing long-term access to up to 45 megahertz of premium L-band spectrum through a deal with bankrupt Ligado Networks, paying 550 million dollars to give its satellite constellation something no direct-to-device rival owns: dedicated licensed spectrum of its own. AT&T launched the AT&T Guarantee, promising automatic bill credits for network outages across wireless and fiber, a first among the majors and a direct response to its damaging 2024 outage. And CES 2025 wrapped in Las Vegas with AI stitched into everything, from Nvidia's consumer superchips to connected cars, all of it presuming ubiquitous connectivity someone has to sell.